Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4 10% – 98%) Specific Gravity, Concentration (% w/w) & Baume (°Be) Lookup Table with Safe Dilution Rules

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Across industrial operations utilizing Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ 98%—ranging from alkaline textile effluent neutralization (pH 10.5–12.0), lead-acid battery electrolyte preparation, and hot-rolled steel pickling to cation-exchange resin regeneration—accurately converting between Specific Gravity (d, g/cm³), Baume degrees (°Be), and mass percentage (% w/w) is essential. Because diluting H₂SO₄ 98% (d = 1.84 g/cm³, 66 °Be) releases 872 kJ of hydration heat per kilogram of pure acid, engineers must perform mass-based dilution calculations and strictly enforce the “Acid Slowly Into Cold Water” protocol in heat-resistant PP / Vinyl Ester FRP vessels.

3-tier IBC rack storage at Loc Thien Chemical warehouse

1. Standard Lookup Table: Specific Gravity (`g/cm³`), Baume (`°Be`) & `g/L` of H₂SO₄ (at 20 °C)

Specific Gravity to Baume Conversion: °Be = 145 - (145 ÷ d) and d = 145 ÷ (145 - °Be)
Active H₂SO₄ per Liter (g/L): C (g/L) = d (g/cm³) × C (% w/w) × 10

Table 1: Engineering Reference Table for Sulfuric Acid Solutions (5% to 98% w/w at 20 °C)

Mass Concentration (`% w/w H₂SO₄`)	Specific Gravity at `20 °C` (`d`, `g/cm³`)	Baume Degree (`°Be`)	Pure `H₂SO₄` per Liter (`g/L`)	Molarity (`mol/L`)	Freezing Point (`°C`)	Primary Industrial Application
`5.0%`	`1.0317`	`4.5 °Be`	`51.6 g/L`	`0.53 M`	`-1.9 °C`	Cation-exchange resin regeneration (`4%–6%`), RO membrane descaling.
`10.0%`	`1.0661`	`9.0 °Be`	`106.6 g/L`	`1.09 M`	`-4.6 °C`	Automated pH neutralization of alkaline textile dyeing effluent.
`15.0%`	`1.1020`	`13.4 °Be`	`165.3 g/L`	`1.69 M`	`-8.6 °C`	Hot-rolled carbon steel pickling baths at `60–80 °C`.
`20.0%`	`1.1394`	`17.7 °Be`	`227.9 g/L`	`2.32 M`	`-13.9 °C`	Aluminum anodizing electrolyte (`18%–22% w/w`) for `Al₂O₃` films.
`30.0%`	`1.2185`	`26.0 °Be`	`365.6 g/L`	`3.73 M`	`-35.6 °C`	Uncharged battery filling acid / intermediate process acid.
`35.0%`	`1.2599`	`29.9 °Be`	`441.0 g/L`	`4.50 M`	`-56.6 °C`	Standard charged lead-acid battery electrolyte (`d = 1.26–1.28`).
`40.0%`	`1.3028`	`33.7 °Be`	`521.1 g/L`	`5.31 M`	`-36.0 °C`	Sulfate salt synthesis (`CuSO₄, ZnSO₄, Al₂(SO₄)₃`).
`50.0%`	`1.3951`	`41.1 °Be`	`697.6 g/L`	`7.11 M`	`-32.0 °C`	Ammonia (`NH₃`) wet scrubber liquor producing `(NH₄)₂SO₄`.
`60.0%`	`1.4983`	`48.2 °Be`	`899.0 g/L`	`9.17 M`	`-39.5 °C`	Superphosphate fertilizer digestion from apatite ore.
`70.0%`	`1.6105`	`55.0 °Be`	`1,127.4 g/L`	`11.49 M`	`-39.0 °C`	Chlorine gas (`Cl₂`) drying towers, chemical synthesis.
`80.0%`	`1.7272`	`60.9 °Be`	`1,381.8 g/L`	`14.09 M`	`+4.5 °C`	Caution: Elevated freezing point (`+4.5 °C` to `+8.5 °C` at `84%`).
`93.0%`	`1.8279`	`65.7 °Be`	`1,700.0 g/L`	`17.33 M`	`-29.5 °C`	Low-freezing winter storage grade (`-29.5 °C`).
`98.0%`	`1.8361`	`66.0 °Be`	`1,799.4 g/L`	`18.35 M`	`+3.0 °C`	Standard Commercial Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (`66 °Be`).

2. Mass-Balance Dilution Table & Adiabatic Temperature Rise (`ΔH = -85.5 kJ/mol`)

To prepare 1,000 L (mass M₂ = 1,000 × d₂ kg) of target concentration C₂ (% w/w) from commercial H₂SO₄ 98% (d₁ = 1.836 kg/L) and clean water (d₀ = 1.000 kg/L):

Required Mass of H₂SO₄ 98% (m₁, kg): m₁ = M₂ × (C₂ ÷ 98.0)
Required Volume of Cold Water Added First (V_water, L): V_water = M₂ - m₁

Table 2: Recipe to Prepare 1,000 Liters (1 m³) of Dilute H₂SO₄ from H₂SO₄ 98% & Adiabatic Heat Rise

Target Concentration (`% w/w`)	Target Density (`d₂`, kg/L)	Total Mass of `1,000 L` Solution (`kg`)	Volume of Cold Water Filled First (`L`)	Mass of `H₂SO₄ 98%` Poured Slowly (`kg`)	Equivalent Volume of `H₂SO₄ 98%` (`L`)	Adiabatic Temperature Rise Without Cooling (`ΔT`, `°C`)
`5%` Solution	`1.032`	`1,032 kg`	`979.3 L`	`52.7 kg`	`28.7 L`	`+11.2 °C` (Safe)
`10%` Solution	`1.066`	`1,066 kg`	`957.2 L`	`108.8 kg`	`59.3 L`	`+23.5 °C` (Warm `~48 °C`)
`20%` Solution	`1.139`	`1,139 kg`	`906.6 L`	`232.4 kg`	`126.6 L`	`+51.8 °C` (Hot `~77 °C`)
`30%` Solution	`1.219`	`1,219 kg`	`845.8 L`	`373.2 kg`	`203.3 L`	`+85.4 °C` (Boils `> 105 °C`!)
`36%` Battery Acid	`1.268`	`1,268 kg`	`802.2 L`	`465.8 kg`	`253.7 L`	`+107.0 °C` (Cooling Mandatory!)
`50%` Solution	`1.395`	`1,395 kg`	`683.3 L`	`711.7 kg`	`387.6 L`	`+148.0 °C` (Heat Exchanger Required!)

3. Five-Step Safe Dilution SOP (`Always Pour Acid Into Water`)

Verify Tank Material: Use thick PP, Vinyl Ester FRP, or PTFE-lined steel (never dilute H₂SO₄ inside unlined carbon steel or thin HDPE tanks, which soften above 80 °C).
Fill 100% of the Required Cold Water First: Start the mechanical agitator (60–120 rpm) before opening the acid valve.
Meter Concentrated H₂SO₄ 98% Slowly into the Agitated Water Vortex: Never dump water onto concentrated acid.
Interlock Bath Temperature at T ≤ 55–60 °C: Pause acid feed if temperature approaches 60 °C and allow cooling below 40 °C.
Enforce Full Acid PPE & Eyewash Readiness: Face shield, acid goggles, Neoprene/Butyl gloves, PVC apron, and an operational emergency shower within 10 meters.

ZDHC compliant IBC storage at Loc Thien Chemical warehouse

4. ZDHC MRSL v3.1 Level 1 Certified Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ 98% Supply by Loc Thien Chemical

Loc Thien Investment Development Co., Ltd. (LOC THIEN INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED — Tax ID: 0313650856) is a specialized commercial supplier and distributor of industrial chemicals in Vietnam:

Official ZDHC MRSL Version 3.1 Conformance Level 1 Credential: H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric Acid) supplied by Loc Thien holds Conformance Summary Report (CSR) and Analytical Test Report No. 248162921-01 (issued 22/10/2024) by TÜV Rheinland Vietnam.
6 Strategic Warehouses (3,000+ tons/month, 5–30-ton tanker fleet): Ba Ria - Vung Tau (Phu My 1 IP), Dong Nai (Long Thanh IP), Binh Duong (Di An City), Da Nang (Hoa Khanh IP), Can Tho (Tra Noc IP), and Bac Ninh (Tien Son IP). Legal Headquarters: 452/6B Tinh Lo 10, Binh Tri Dong Ward, Binh Tan District, Ho Chi Minh City.
Quotation & Delivery SLA: Technical quotation within 15 minutes; delivery within 4 hours in inner HCMC, 24–48 hours across Southern & Mekong Delta industrial zones, and 2–3 days in Northern & Central Vietnam. Contact hotline 0979 891 929 for detailed delivery procedures.

Product Pages: Industrial Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ 98% | Hydrochloric Acid HCl 32% | Liquid Caustic Soda NaOH 32%–50%
GHS Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): MSDS Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ 98% | MSDS Liquid Caustic Soda NaOH 32%
Technical Inquiry & 15-Minute Quotation: Hotline 0979 891 929 (tel:0979891929) — Email: [email protected].

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4 10% – 98%) Specific Gravity, Concentration (% w/w) & Baume (°Be) Lookup Table with Safe Dilution Rules

1. Standard Lookup Table: Specific Gravity (g/cm³), Baume (°Be) & g/L of H₂SO₄ (at 20 °C)

Table 1: Engineering Reference Table for Sulfuric Acid Solutions (5% to 98% w/w at 20 °C)

2. Mass-Balance Dilution Table & Adiabatic Temperature Rise (ΔH = -85.5 kJ/mol)

Table 2: Recipe to Prepare 1,000 Liters (1 m³) of Dilute H₂SO₄ from H₂SO₄ 98% & Adiabatic Heat Rise

3. Five-Step Safe Dilution SOP (Always Pour Acid Into Water)

4. ZDHC MRSL v3.1 Level 1 Certified Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ 98% Supply by Loc Thien Chemical

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1. Standard Lookup Table: Specific Gravity (`g/cm³`), Baume (`°Be`) & `g/L` of H₂SO₄ (at 20 °C)

2. Mass-Balance Dilution Table & Adiabatic Temperature Rise (`ΔH = -85.5 kJ/mol`)

3. Five-Step Safe Dilution SOP (`Always Pour Acid Into Water`)